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Many of us have heard of international law, but most of us don’t really understand what international law deals with. If someone leaves the United States and breaks a law in another country, one of two things usually happens: they are tried in that country for breaking their laws or they are extradited to the United States and they stand trial there. So what does international law govern, exactly? Let’s browse the headlines and see if we can find some timely international law cases going on in the world right now.

While war is one of the most terrible inventions of man, international law plays a huge part in enforcing the laws of war and many civil rights agreements that pertain to war, such as the Geneva Conventions. For instance, the Nuremburg Trials after World War II was an international court of law that sought to punish members of the Nazi party and other people who fought on the side of the Axis. People were sent to jail for running the terrible concentration camps and for other war crimes. War crime tribunals aren’t a thing of the past, either. There are currently ones being held in the former Yugoslavia pertaining to the ethnic cleansing and war that happened there recently and there are even rumors that war crime tribunals will be held after the Iraq war and could include such well known politicians as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and even some members of the United States government. These are just a few of the cases heard under international law.

In the European Union, there is an international law court set up to try to govern and resolve disputes between member countries. Think of it as a “supreme court” of Europe, where the individual countries are almost like individual states in the US. This court can help to resolve trade disputes, monitor fair elections and much more. Since the European Union is a fairly new construct, the rules, regulations and authority of this international court is still be defined and refined, but as long as the EU exists, there will be a court enforcing international law governing it.

Some international courts govern areas far smaller than an entire continent. The International Court of Justice may have a far reaching name, but in reality, they govern maritime and fishing disputes between various countries. You can imagine how difficult this can be for various fishing fleets fishing in nearby waters who have different standards for what fish can be kept, what can be killed and other such problems. It may not make the same kind of impact as the EU court or war crimes tribunals, but they are absolutely vital to that industry that a court exists that gives legally binding rulings that everyone involved must follow.

As you can see, the reach of international law is truly fascinating to study. Every day, international courts and governing bodies make thousands of binding rulings that help shape the world we live in.

It is a nightmare scenario that plays out far too often in this world: you are visiting another country on vacation and everything is going fine and then all of a sudden you find yourself embroiled in an international incident that has you behind bars and thousands of miles away from home. Here are a few tips you can follow if you ever find yourself on the wrong side of the law outside of the United States of America.

Recent stories in the news have put the problem of vacationers having legal problems in the countries that they are vacationing in the spotlight. A number of horror stories have come out of Middle Eastern countries like the UAE in the last few months so it is easy to understand why the interest in international law is at an all time high. In these cases, visitors to the UAE were arrested and held for months on end without trial after 1/8000th of a gram of cannabis was found on the bottom of one person’s shoe, and another man was held for a significant period of time after poppy seeds from a muffin were found on his person. He was held in connection for possession of opiates. Of course, these types of cases are literally the worse case scenario and are extremely unlikely to happen to you, but getting arrested during your international vacation is still serious business.

First off, if you are arrested, don’t say a thing until you are given access to a lawyer or a barrister of some kind. In most Western countries, you are given the option of having a lawyer by your side at all times, and anything you say can and will be used against you, just like here in the US. Even if the cops seem friendly or they say that they want to help you, ask if you are being held; if you are not, ask to leave. If you are, ask for lawyer.

Second, if you are given a phone call, and in most places it is mandatory, call the United States embassy in the country you are living in and get help. This might be the most important phone call you can make because it is the only thing you can do to alert others of your situation. Do not call your lawyer at home as they will not be able to help you and don’t call your family, although that might be the first impulse you have. You can get the phone numbers for the United States embassies all over the world from this website http://www.usembassy.gov/.

Finally, it is important to stay calm and don’t admit to anything you didn’t actually do. You may kiss your rights away if you admit to a crime under duress that you didn’t commit. Hopefully, your host country will notify the embassy of your arrest even if you don’t so help should be on the way in a matter of hours. Even if you are released, contact your embassy right away and let them know what happened so there are no problems when you try to leave.

It is, without a doubt, one of the most controversial movements in the American justice system over the last twenty years: the push to have children who commit serious crimes be tried as adults. The belief that as time goes on and the perception that children just aren’t as innocent or as ignorant as they use to be that their actions should carry adult punishments if they are caught. Just like abortion or any other controversial topic, both sides argue passionately about their point of view and since states try crimes differently, you have this confusing and frustrating patchwork of rules in place. What may be grounds for trying a minor as an adult in Maine may not be the same standards for trying a minor as an adult in Ohio. Let’s take a look at several of the factors that juries and justice departments take into account when deciding if a child should be tried as an adult or not.

Obviously, the first thing that is taken into consideration is the crime that was committed. In almost all cases, children who are tried as adults are accused of murder or of similarly heinous crimes. The argument is that once a child reaches a certain age they know the difference between right and wrong just like an adult and they understand the difference between life and death. Others argue that children are far more emotional and impulsive than an adult and can act without completely thinking through what they are doing first.

Second, the mental capacity of the child is also usually taken into account. The few occasions when it isn’t, such as a recent case in the state of Texas when a child with diminished mental capacity was executed, caused so much national outrage that there is a very slim chance of an incident like that ever being repeated. If the child is suffering from a degree of mental retardation or some other similar condition, the child may still be tried like an adult, but his condition will often be considered during sentencing so that harsh penalties are not considered.

Historical precedent is often taken into account, as well. Texas has been a state that has tried many children as adults for various crimes in the last 20 years. When you state has a documented history of this type of practice, it can be much easier to cite prescient and justify the continuation. That is why so many states are hesitant to try even a single child as an adult since it opens the door for more such cases to be prosecuted in the future.

In the end, it is simply a judgment call among those looking to prosecute crime – did the child understand the repercussions of his or her actions when he or she took them. If, through analysis, interviews and investigations, the court decides that yes, the child understood, you can expect more and more children to be treated like adults.

If you have a child that is being accused of a crime, you understand how serious the repercussions can be. With more and more kids being tried as adults, the once solid division between the two drastically different types of law has all but disappeared. Here are a few essential tips for finding the best juvenile justice attorney for your child.

The first impulse most parents have when it comes to finding the best lawyer for their kid is to open their wallet, bank account and college savings stash and throw as much money at a lawyer as they can, but just because a lawyer is more expensive doesn’t mean that they are always the best. Often times, high end lawyers are extremely busy, and they may not be able to devote as much time to your son or daughter’s case as you might like. Of course, experience and a good report with a judge are very important, but simply going out and buying the best lawyer you can isn’t always the fastest way to beat the rap. Sometimes, a younger and far hungrier lawyer can be just what the doctor ordered. By going with a younger lawyer, you will get someone who will memorize your case and fight for you tooth and nail. The most important thing is that you find someone who will be dedicated to your case and to your situation.

Second, juvenile law encompasses a wide range of crimes, so make sure you find a juvenile lawyer that deals specifically with cases involving whatever the charges are against your child. Often times, juvenile lawyers will market themselves as criminal attorneys for juvenile cases, but it is always a good idea to ask what part of juvenile justice they specialize in. It doesn’t do you much good to have an attorney who specializes in theft cases try to defend your child if they are being tried for manslaughter.

While trusting your gut is never a recommended method for anything, when choosing a lawyer, it is a good idea to go with the person you feel that you communicate with better than any other. Your lawyer is going to be your lifeline through this entire, and likely lengthy, process so it is extremely important that you partner yourself with someone who you can trust, someone who you can talk to easily and someone who takes the time to explain what all of the confusing legal mumbo jumbo is about along the way. Without that ability to communicate, your relationship will likely be fraught with difficulties.

Finally, you need your lawyer to care. It is true that to your lawyer, the fate of your child is simply another case, but to you, it is akin to life and death. If your lawyer doesn’t understand that, find a new one right away. Being a juvenile lawyer is about compassion, caring and trying to help above all else, so you should look for those qualities along with everything else outlined here.

It is a phrase that most of us have heard of, even if it is something we don’t quite understand. Having your juvenile records sealed is not something that happens automatically, even though most juveniles simply assume that once you turn 18, any records of any crimes that happened just go away. It is important that you realize that they don’t, and that if you want your records sealed, you have to complete an entire process within the court system. Let’s take a look at how this system works and why it is necessary.

If you choose to have your records sealed, it means that no one can have access to the crimes you committed or the court cases that dealt with those crimes while you were under the age of 18. This can be very important, especially if you are later accused of a crime as an adult. The prosecution can’t use your previous trouble against you in a court of law. It is simply a smart way to protect yourself in case you should happen to run into trouble later on in life. The only person who can ask that these records be unsealed is you. No judge, no official, no one at all can unseal these records but you.

It is important to note that any records where you were tried as an adult can not be sealed and are a part of your permanent record for the rest of your life. Any requests to seal these records will be rejected immediately.

To seal your juvenile records you must take several steps. The rules for sealing and unsealing your records likely differ from state to state, but the rules in California are typical of the hoops you will be expected to jump through to protect yourself from future problems due to your juvenile records. First, you will be asked to fill out a pair of forms, known as a “Record Sealing Application” and an “Affidavit and Petition for the Sealing of Records” to the state to begin the process. You will then be asked to attend a screening where the basic rules of sealing your records are gone over and a decision will be made regarding whether your records qualify to be sealed. If you pass that screening, a more in-depth look at your own personal situation will take place. The whole process from top to bottom usually takes somewhere around five months, but it can be longer if the system is backed up.

You will receive a letter in the mail telling you that a court date has been set to hear your request to seal your records. In most cases, if your attempt to seal your records is not being contested, it is a formality and you don’t even have to show up. However, if someone is contesting it, then you will be required to show up in court. The hearing simply goes over your record and a decision is made one way or the other.

While the process can seem lengthy, it is always a good idea to try to seal your records to protect yourself in the future.

It may come as a surprise to many to learn that the United States does not have a central juvenile justice system. Instead, it has a collection of over 50 separate justice systems that sometimes surpass everyone’s expectations and other times fail miserably to serve the very kids they are meant to help. With the precipitous rise in the number of cases of children being tried as adults, it is more important than ever for the juvenile justice system to reach out and help kids like never before. Let’s take a look at some good juvenile justice systems and some not so good ones.

Easily, one of the worst juvenile justice systems in the country and one of the most widely criticized is the system in Texas. It shouldn’t come as a surprise that in a state that has been dominated by Republican rule for the last several years that a social program that benefits the poor would be overlooked, but not even the most pessimistic critics could foresee the problems that have taken place in the Lone Star State. In an April 2007 exposé in the Washington Post, the various problems that Texas faces were listed for the world to see and the results were far from pretty. There were children who had been incarcerated for years beyond their limits in seemingly every detention center. Widespread abuse in juvenile detention facilities and multiple cover ups by the officials who were supposed to protect the very same children. Now, with a state as large as Texas, no one expects there to be a problem free juvenile justice system; there are simply too many kids, too little money and too many problems, but as the Post article outlined, there was simply too much negligence and intentional cover-ups for this situation to be ignored any longer.

It would be tough to find a state that didn’t at least have scattered problems similar to the ones found in Texas, however, some states, like California, seem to be taking reform seriously. A bill passed last year by the state legislature outlined serious changes in how children are to be detained, for how long and by whom. It is hoped that these changes will help cut through much of the red tape that keeps real change for happening in many juvenile justice systems all throughout the country. This new style of juvenile reform puts an emphasis on the child staying close to home and getting one on one counseling instead of simply locking up the problem. Under the new plan, only the most violent and most dangerous juvenile offenders will be locked up, the rest will be helped by experts to change their ways. There is no way to tell at this point of the California system will reduce abuse and negligence but many child experts agree that it is a step in the right direction.

No one can say that their state has the perfect juvenile justice program but with the proper refinement, the perfect system might be in the works as we speak.

In the United States, there are two separate but equal justice systems, one for adults and one for those under a certain set age that differs from state to state. Some states rule an adult as anyone 16 or above while others choose 17. Most states choose 18 or above to define an adult, however, there are many cases in which a child can and will be tried as an adult.

Prosecuting a case with a child defendant isn’t really much different than prosecuting a case with an adult; however, the punishments tend to be quite different. If a child is convicted of a crime, the most common sentence is for them to be confined to juvenile hall, which is like a jail, but only for children under a certain age. Some juvenile hall facilities break their wards into groups based on age, while others do not. Juvenile hall is considered to be a very serious place but not as serious as an adult jail. Juvenile hall also has a much stronger emphasis on rehabilitation and counseling than most jails since the belief is that a child is still “recoverable” and has a better chance of becoming a functioning member of society.

While the juvenile court system is very similar to the ones adults use, there are a few safeguards in place to help keep juvenile cases as low profile as possible. First, no court case that involves a juvenile is ever open to the public. The media can report on the goings-on in the case and report the verdict, but they aren’t allowed to ever put cameras in the courtroom or show the child’s face on television, even if they are the one accused and not the victim. Before the trial even starts, the laws in most states require that either a lawyer representing the child or the parent of the child be present before any kind of questioning. The idea behind this rule is that the child might feel coerced or tricked into admitting guilt without the assistance of a parent. In most states, a case involving a juvenile will only be heard by a single judge instead of a jury to help keep the matter as private as possible. Also, juveniles have the option in most jurisdictions to seal their criminal records once they reach the age of 18 and become an adult.

Much of the United States juvenile justice system was copied from international systems, especially that of the French. The ultimate goal of the juvenile justice system in both countries isn’t necessarily punishment, although that is an important part of the proceedings. Instead, the whole system is done with the idea that the child can be reformed and taught to avoid illegal activities in the future. The effectiveness of that system is highly questioned, but many agree it is better than the reforming record of the adult justice system.

As you can see, the juvenile justice system plays an intricate part in society and it is constantly being refined and retooled as the years go by.

Depending on the state that you live in and what they are charged with, your child will face several different possible outcomes if they are ever arrested. They could be released after being booked or they could be kept in custody for an indeterminate amount of time. The first thing you need to do is to stay calm and to call a lawyer immediately. If you have a family lawyer that you have dealt with on a regular basis and you have a rapport with, call him or her; if not, simply pick one for now and head to the police station with your lawyer in tow. Let’s take a look at some things you might expect if your child is arrested. Again, it is important to note that every state works differently when it comes to handling cases involving minors.

If your child was arrested but then released, one of two things will likely happen. If it was a serious crime or a crime that the police believe needs to be followed up on, they will give you a notice to appear in court paper that will give you a date and a time to appear with your child to stand in front of a judge. You may also get a note that says that you are to go to the probation department. Again, it depends on the crime committed.

Now, if you are informed that your child is to remain in police custody, you can expect one of several things to happen. They may simply be holding your child so that you can come down to the station and claim him or her. A record of the arrest will be made and you will be given proper instructions on how to proceed from there. A second option is that your child will be sent to an agency for the night, or maybe even for a week, that will shelter, feed and counsel your child for a period of time. You will be given a date in which your child will be released back to you or you will be given instructions that you must complete to show the state that you are determined to get your child back. The worst case outcome is that your child will be sent to juvenile hall. He or she will be given the option of making two phone calls, just like after an adult arrest. One call must be to a parent and the other to a lawyer. You child will never, ever be held for an indeterminate amount of time without you knowing about it.

Your child will also have his or her rights read to them, just like an adult. In most cases, they will not question your child without a lawyer being present or without you being present since most juries would assume the answers would be coerced.

Having your child arrested can be a scary thing, but if you stay level headed, you can get through this disturbing time in one piece.

Following through with a malpractice suit is one of the most difficult and heart wrenching decisions a person can make, but once you’ve finally made the decision to go ahead with your case, the process can be time consuming, emotionally draining and just plain frustrating. Even if you have a fairly expedited proceeding, it can take months or even years for the entire case to work its way through the court system. Here are a few things you can expect when you decide to follow through with your malpractice suit.

Perhaps the biggest toll on someone who has decided to follow through with a malpractice suit is emotional. Not only are you adjusting to life with your new medical condition, but you will be forced to talk about it, relive it and talk about it again seemingly non stop for as long as four or five years after the incident actually happened. For some people, this can be like having it happen over and over again. It can invade your dreams and it can seem like it is dominating your life. Most people imagine that while they go through this step, they feel a constant stream of sadness, but sadness is usually only one of the central feelings present. There is anger that this happened to you when, in most cases, it could have been avoided and there is also the feeling of being victimized, as well, which is often the worst part. For a malpractice suit to go forward and be extended for a period of years, a person needs a support network of family, friends and a good lawyer to get through it all in one piece.

Second, people are often amazed at the sheer amount of time a court case like this takes to weave its way through the United States court system. There is a reason why the courts have the reputation they do; thanks to the huge number of delay tactics lawyers on both sides can employ, a case can be extended almost indefinitely. Legal wrangling of this sort isn’t unusual, it is simply the way the system works and it should be an expected part of each and every malpractice suit filed.

Finally, the cost of a malpractice suit is often overlooked by many families who simply want to seek some form of justice for what happened to them. When we are wronged and we have a legal remedy to the situation, we simply exercise our right and bring forth a malpractice suit. What we don’t do is sit back and think about the fact that we might need this lawyer on retainer for the next four years until the hospital or doctor in question stops putting up road blocks so that a trial can happen and a verdict can be rendered. Combine the lawyer costs with other unplanned expenses and you can see how people have been financially ruined first by the malpractice and then later by the malpractice case.

While this article may be pessimistic in tone, it is vitally important that incompetent doctors and dangerous hospitals be held accountable for their deeds, but it is equally important that you understand exactly what you’re getting yourself into before you file the proper paperwork.

Making the decision to file a malpractice suit can be one of the most difficult and heart wrenching decisions you ever make. Despite the common perception, the overwhelming majority of people do not file malpractice claims to fleece their doctor and the medical system at large. It is a decision they agonize over since the majority of people have positive relationships with their doctors and medical practitioners. Before you pass up the opportunity to file a malpractice claim, there are a few questions you need to ask yourself.

First, do you feel that the negligence that resulted in your current medical state was preventable? Was it simply a “dumb mistake” or do you feel that it was something that couldn’t have been predicted or prevented, even by the most skilled doctor? If you feel that the incident could have been prevented with only the slightest change in circumstance then you might want to consider filing a lawsuit. Above all else, a doctor and a hospital can’t afford to be careless and a lawsuit may be the only thing stopping a similar fate from happening to someone else.

Since the malpractice event occurred, how have you been treated by your doctor or by the party that you believe to be the cause of the malpractice? Simply “making up for it” often isn’t enough as it does little to correct what originally happened, but if you feel that a good faith effort has been put forth and that you feel that you are being taken care of in a professional and respectful way, then there may not be a need for a lawsuit. On the other hand, if you feel slighted, insulted or otherwise ignored, than you may be dealing with a doctor or a hospital that is grossly incompetent and a lawsuit may be the only way to shine a much needed light on this despicable medical practice.

While most hospitals are crawling with lawyers just waiting for a doctor to make a mistake, it might be worth listening to what a real malpractice lawyer has to say if you are considering filing a lawsuit. It is important, however, to take everything they say with a grain of salt and make sure you question their motives. Yes, most doctors have malpractice insurance, but it is that insurance that causes so much in the way of medical costs to be so high. Suing when you shouldn’t is a huge reason why so many people can’t afford basic medical care.

Finally, it may sound a bit clichéd, but listen to your heart. If you honestly feel that you have been wronged and that no honest attempt to rectify the situation has been made, than it is your right and even your duty to file a malpractice suit. If you don’t feel that way, than you might be better off trusting your doctor and seeing what the future holds on your own.

Malpractice is one of the most serious legal accusations one can make. Be sure you understand what you are getting yourself into before you follow through with your case.